Philip Morin Freneau
Philip Morin Freneau ( January 2, 1752 – December 18, 1832 ) was a notable American poet, nationalist, polemicist, sea captain and newspaper editor.
Freneau was born in New York City, the oldest of the five children of Huguenot wine merchant Pierre Fresneau and his Scottish wife. Philip was raised in Monmouth County, New Jersey where he studied under William Tennent, Jr.. His father died in 1767, and he entered the College of New Jersey, now Princeton University, as a sophomore in 1768 to study for the ministry.
Freneau's close friend at Princeton was James Madison, a relationship that would later contribute to his establishment as the editor of the National Gazette. He graduated in 1771, having written the poetical History of the Prophet Jonah, and, with Hugh Henry Brackenridge, the prose satire Father Bembo's Pilgrimage to Mecca.
Following his graduation from Princeton, Freneau tried his hand at teaching, but quickly gave it up. He also pursued a further study of theology, but gave this up as well after about two years. As the Revolutionary War approached in 1775, Freneau wrote a number of anti-British pieces. However, by 1776, Freneau left America for the West Indies, where he would spend time writing about the beauty of nature. In 1778, Freneau returned to America, and rejoined the patriotic cause. Freneau eventually became a crew member on a revolutionary privateer, and was captured in this capacity. He was held on a British prison ship for about six weeks. This unpleasant experience, detailed in his work, "The British Prison Ship" would precipitate many more patriotic and anti-British writings throughout the revolution and after.
In 1790, Freneau married, and became an assistant editor of the New York Daily Advertiser. Soon after, Madison and Thomas Jefferson worked to get Freneau to move to Philadelphia in order to edit a partisan newspaper that would counter the Federalist newspaper The Gazette of the United States. Jefferson, then head of the State Department, offered Freneau a position in Philadelphia as a State Department translator. Freneau accepted this undemanding position, which allowed him enough free time to head up the Democratic-Republican newspaper Jefferson and Madison envisioned.
This partisan newspaper, The National Gazette, provided a vehicle for Jefferson, Madison, and others to promote criticism of the rival Federalists. The Gazette took particular aim at the policies promoted by Alexander Hamilton, and like other papers of the day, would not hesitate to shade into personal attacks. Owing to The Gazette's frequent attacks on his administration, President George Washington took a particular dislike to Freneau.
Freneau later retired to a more rural life and wrote a mix of political and nature works. His nature poem, "The Wild Honey Suckle" (1786), is considered an early seed to the later Transcendentalist movement taken up by William Cullen Bryant, Ralph Waldo Emerson, and Henry David Thoreau.
See also
- History of American newspapers
- Mary Weatherspoon Bowden. Philip Freneau (Twayne's United States authors series ; TUSAS 260) (1976)
- Jane Donahue Eberwein, ed. Early American Poetry: Selections from Bradstreet, Taylor, Dwight, Freneau and Bryant (1978)
- Elliott, Emory. Revolutionary Writers: Literature and Authority in the New Republic, 1725-1810. Oxford U. Press, 1982. 324 pp.
- Lewis Gaston Leary. That rascal Freneau: A study in literary failure (1971)
- Nickson, Richard. Philip Freneau: Poet of the Revolution.
Trenton: New Jersey Hist. Comm., 1981. 36 pp.
- Pasley, Jeffrey L. "The Two National Gazettes: Newspapers and the Embodiment of American Political Parties." Early American Literature 2000 35(1): 51-86. ISSN 0012-8163 Fulltext in Swetswise and Ebsco
- Vitzthum, Richard C. Land and Sea: The Lyric Poetry of Philip Freneau U. of Minnesota Press, 1978. 197 pp.
- Princeton Biography
- Virtual American Biographies
- Harper's Encyclopædia of United States History, Harper & Brothers, 1905
- Freneau's Poems
- Last Poems